RESISTED VERSUS FASCINATED: THE MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN RELATIONSHIP IN THE POST-REGIONAL AUTONOMY IN PADANG, WEST SUMATERA

Andri Ashadi, Nurus Shalihin

Abstract


Christian students' involvement in the school Islamic programs such as wearing Muslim clothing, participating in the seven-minute Islamic sermon, and joining Islamic classes are often considered a compliance attitude. Instead, it is a process of self-adaptation because they attend a school within a Muslim majority environment.  Moreover, this camouflage represents their resistance to the school rules. This article discusses how Christian students in two state schools in Padang behave in the framework of Islamic customs. Based on the theories of Jean Baudrillard’s simulacra and James C. Scott’s resistance, the results of this study show that Christian students in two state schools in Padang tend to be obedient and interested in Islamic practices. For instance, they imitate the way Muslim students dress so that they look similar to Muslim students. This attitude pleases their Muslim teachers and fellow students. In addition, Minang people in their neighborhood also amaze and always refer to these Christian students’ attitude as a model to be followed. 


Keywords


Muslim-Christian relationship; Adaptation; Resistance; and School

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alfirdaus, Laila Kholid, Eric Hiariej, and Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta. “The Position of Minang-Chinese Relationship in the History of Inter-Ethnic Groups Relations in Padang, West Sumatra.” Jurnal Humaniora 28, no. 1 (2016): 79–96.

Amran, Rusli. Sumatra Barat Hingga Plakat Panjang. Jakarta: Penerbit Sinar Harapan, 1981.

Anatona, and Teuku Ibrahim Alfian. “Perdagangan Budak di Pulau Nias 1820-1860.” Sosiohumanika 14, no. 2 (2001): 309–322.

Ansor, Muhammad. “Post-Islamism and the Remaking of Islamic Public Sphere in Post-Reform Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 23, no. 3 (December 30, 2016): 471–515. http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/studia-islamika/article/view/2412.

Arifianto, Alexander R. “Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 20, no. 1 (January 21, 2009): 73–89. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09596410802542144.

Arifin, Zainal. “Dualitas Praktik Perkawinan Minangkabau.” Humaniora 21, no. 2 (2012): 150–161.

Aritonang, Jan S. Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Gunung Mulia, 2006.

Asef Bayat. Post-Islamism at Large”, in Post-Islamism: The Changing Faces of Political Islam. Edited by Asef Bayat. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Ashadi, Andri. Multikulturalisme: Berebut Identitas di Ruang Publik. Padang: Imam Bonjol Press, 2015.

———. “Muslim Paruh Waktu di SMAN 6 dan SMKN 2 Kota Padang.” Religió: Jurnal Studi Agama-agama 7, no. 2 (2017): 205–236.

Ashadi, Andri, Ayu Rustriana, and Muhammad Hendrik Albukhari. Pengalaman Multikulturalisme Pelajar Islam dan Kristen SMA Don Bosco Padang. Padang: Pusat Penelitian dan Penerbitan IAIN Imam Bonjol, 2013.

Ashar, Faisal, Dilanthi Amaratunga, and Richard Haigh. “The Analysis of Tsunami Vertical Shelter in Padang City.” In 4th International Conference on Building Resilience, 18:916–923. United Kingdom, 2014. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212567114010181.

Asnan, Gusti. “Kafir’, Islam dan Kristen di Negeri Kita yang Baru: Sumatera Barat dalam Berbagai Catatan Perjalanan.” Tabuah: Ta’limat Budaya, Agama dan Humaniora, no. 5 (1999): 1–13.

———. “Keberagaman di Sumatera Barat: Sebuah Perbandingan antara Daerah Pusat dan Pinggiran pada Masa Lalu dan Dewasa Ini.” In Makalah, Disajikan Pada “Seminar Hasil Penelitian para Peneliti BPNB Se-Indonesia: Multikultural, Indahnya Keberagaman, 22-24 April. Bukittinggi, 2014.

Bagir, Zainal Abidin, Samsul Maarif, Achmad Munjid, Gregory Vanderbilt, Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf, and A Bagus Laksana. Studi Agama di Indonesia: Refleksi Pengalaman. Yogyakarta: CRCS (Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies), 2015.

Buehler, Michael. The Politics of Shari’a Law Islamist Activists and the State in Democratizing Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Buehler, Michael, and Dani Muhtada. “Democratization and The Diffusion of Shari’a Law.” South East Asia Research 24, no. 2 (June 18, 2016): 261–282. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1177/0967828X16649311.

Colombijn, Freek. Paco-Paco (Kota) Padang: Sejarah Sebuah Kota di Indonesia pada Abad ke-20 dan Penggunaan Ruang Kota. Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2006.

Crouch, Melissa. “Religious Regulations in Indonesia: Failing Vulnerable Groups.” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 43, no. 2 (2009): 53–103.

Damayanti, Angel. “Muslim-Christian Relationships in Indonesian Reform Era Within The Framework of Democracy: Case Study of Bandung, Bekasi and Bogor (1998-2015).” In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICSPS 2017), 9–18. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/paper-details.php?id=25891323.

Diskominfo. “Gambaran Umum Kota Padang.” padang.go.id. Last modified 2016. https://www.padang.go.id/gambaran-umum-kota-padang.

Dobbin, Christine. Gejolak Ekonomi, Kebangkitan Islam, dan Gerakan Padri : Minangkabau 1784-1847. Terjemahan. Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2008.

Ediwar, Fredrik Tirtosuryo Esoputra, and Erman Har. “The Performing Art of Barongsai as the Cultural Signifier of Tionghoa Community in Padang Cit.” The Social Sciences 12, no. 6 (2017): 1048–1055.

Elfira, Mina. “Inter-Ethnic Relations in Padang of West Sumatra Navigating Between Assimilation and Exclusivity.” Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 293–304. http://wacana.ui.ac.id/index.php/wjhi/article/view/25.

———. “Not Muslim, Not Minangkabau’: Interreligious Marriage and Its Cultural Impact in Minangkabau Society.” In Muslim-Non-Muslim Marriage: Political and Cultural Contestations in Southeast Asia, edited by and Maznah Mohamad Gavin W. Jones, Chee Heng Leng, 161–189. Singapura: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, 2009.

Feener, R. Michael. “Religious Competition and Conflict Over The Longue Durée: Christianity and Islam in The Indonesian Archipelago.” Asian Journal of Religion and Society 5, no. 1 (2017): 1–22.

Furnivall, J. S. Netherlands India A Study of Plural Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9780511707964.

Hadler, Jeffrey. Sengketa Tiada Putus: Matriarkat, Reformisme Islam, dan Kolonoalisme di Minangkabau. Edited by Samsudin Berlian. Terjemahan. Menteng: Freedom Institute, 2010.

Hamdani, Deny. “The Formalisation of Islamic Attire in Padang, West Sumatra.” Journal of Indonesia Islam 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 69–96. http://jiis.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/JIIs/article/view/42.

Ilahi, Kurnial, Jamaluddin Rabain, and Suja’i Sarifandi. “Dari Islam ke Kristen: Konversi Agama pada Masyarakat Suku Minangkabau.” Madania: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 201–227. http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/madania/article/view/5728.

Indrayuda. Tari Balanse Madam Suatu Aktivitas Kesenian dan Peranannya dalam Integrasi Sosial antara Masyarakat Nias dan Minangkabau di Kota Padang. Padang, 2004.

Keputusan Gubernur Sumatera Barat. “Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Sumatera Barat Nomor 3 Tahun 2007 tentang Pendidikan Al-Quran.” Padang, 2007.

Khoir, Tholkhatul. “Tujuh Karakter Fundamentalisme Islam.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2014): 47–71.

Kholid Alfirdaus, Laila. “Disaster and Discrimination: The Ethnic Chinese Minority in Padang in the Aftermath of the September 2009 Earthquake.” Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 29, no. 1 (2014): 159. https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/1960.

King, Roberta R. “Music, Peacebuilding, and Interfaith Dialogue: Transformative Bridges in Muslim–Christian Relations.” International Bulletin of Mission Research 40, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 202–217. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2396939316636884.

Loeb, Edwin M. Sumatra: Its History and People. England: Oxford University Press, 1972.

Lubis, Akhyar. Postmodernisme: Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta: PT Grafindo Persada, 2014.

Matsumoto, David. Pengantar Psikologi Lintas Budaya. Terjemahan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2008.

Muhtada, D. “Perda Syariah di Indonesia: Penyebaran, Problem dan Tantangannya.” In Orasi IImiah Dalam Rangka Dies Natalis VII Fakultas Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang pada 4 Desember, 1–11. Semarang: Fakultas Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang, 2014. https://www.academia.edu/download/37185422/Orasi_Dies_Natalis.pdf.

Mujani, Saiful, Jalal Burhanuddin, Ismatu Ropi, Fuad Jabati, Oman Fathurahman, Jajang Johroni, Din Wahid, Dina Afrianti, and Tasman. Benturan Peradaban: Sikap dan Perilaku Islamis Indonesia terhadap Amerika Serikat. Jakarta: Nalar, 2005.

Pemerintah Kota Padang. Perda Kota Padang Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan, 2011.

Pemerintahan Kota Padang. “Peraturan Daerah Kota Padang Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 tentang Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan.” Padang, 2011.

Preston, Trevor W. Pancasila/Syari’a: Contemporary Islamism and the Politics of Post Soeharto Indonesia. Columbia: University of British Columbia, 2002.

Al Qurtuby, Sumanto. “Ambonese Muslim Jihadsts, Islamic Identity, and The History of Christian–Muslim Rivalry in The Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia.” International Journal of Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2015): 1–29.

Robin, Bush. “Regional Syaria Regulations In Indonesia: Anomaly or Symptom?” In Exspressing Islam: Religious Live and Politics in Indonesia, edited by Greg Fealy and Sally White. Singapore: ISEAS, 2008.

Roy, Olivier. “Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah.” Islamology 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 11–40. http://islamology.in/journal/article/view/145.

Scott, James. Senjatanya Orang-Orang yang Kalah. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2000.

Seo, Myengkyo. “Missions Without Missionaries: The Social Dimension of Church Growth in Muslim Java, Indonesia.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 24, no. 1 (January 2013): 71–89. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09596410.2013.745300.

Sökefeld, Martin. “Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 40, no. 4 (August 1999): 417–448. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/200042.

Sumbullah, Umi. “Muslim-Christian Relation on the Basis of Christian Village in Malang , East Java , Indonesia : Socio-Theological Reconstruction for Building Religious Harmony.” Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 12 (2016): 1–7.

Tiara, Monica, Maria Montessori, Fatmariza, and Junaidi Indrawadi. “Cross-Ethnic Society and Social Integration.” IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science 23, no. 6 (2019): 58–60.

Ting-Toomey, Stella. “Communication Across Cultures.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 25 (2001): 459–466.

Xing, Wei. “Marital Assimilation between the Muslim Hui and the Han Majority in Contemporary Chinese Cities in the People’s Republic of China.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 34, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 303–314. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13602004.2014.939558.

Zed, Mestika. “Islam dan Budaya Lokal Minangkabau Modren.” In Makar Sejarah dan Perkembangan Fundamentalisme Islam di Nusantara. Bukittinggi: STAIN Djamil Djambek, 2010.

———. Kota Padang Tempo Doeloe (Zaman Kolonial), Seri Manuskrip No. 04. Padang: Pusat Kajian Sosial Budaya dan Ekonomi Fakultas Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial UNP, 2009.

Zulkarnain, Zulkarnain, and Samsuri Samsuri. “Religious Leaders and Indonesian Religious Harmony.” In Proceedings of the Annual Civic Education Conference (ACEC 2018) Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 251. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/25905915.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/ajpif.v17i2.2761

Refbacks